1999 UNESCO World Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology Commission under an ethics on the energy sub-committee. Two years later, the committee submitted its first report. The report is the beginning of this writing: "Sustainable development is the present and the future of our planet," residents "of happiness and use of resources, has become a guide in all aspects of individual and collective behavior, as well as national and international policies of a concept."
This is a famous declaration, because it contains the energy for sustainable development of the ethics of the three key challenges: First, the concept of sustainable development in various areas including personal, collective, national and international will guide us to Energy policy. Energy is no longer an expansion of energy supplies to meet the growing needs of those problems, it is also a social, environmental and future balance problems. Second, the concern for sustainable development on Earth "all life" and not just our human well-being. They include the non-human biological concept of sustainable development filed a major challenge. Third, sustainable development "must" become a guide our actions and not just a factor. This raises the energy policy and legal guidance of the ethics issue.
This article will focus on the second and third challenge. 。 Here, we can ignore the first challenge is partly the result of our discussions on energy for sustainable development to the importance of the premise, but also because of the beginning of this report has been referred to a clear distinction between the ethics of sustainable development And the pure sense of concern about the efficiency and use of the "energy ethics." In discussing the broad concept of sustainable development of ethics and its energy policy and the importance of the law before, need a few points here.
First, energy and sustainable development of energy ethics of the difference between ethics
Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology Commission at the Commission on Sustainable Development Ethics times the energy delivered a perfect introduction. And has established the "Ethics of energy" compared to the sustainable development of ethics is still quite new, we should also pay more attention.
In the industrial age, energy has become a prerequisite for development: the more energy, more economic prosperity. The various forms of energy are built on short-term rather than long-term use, and making maximum use of existing technology on the basis of the evaluation. Long-term environmental impact either been ignored, either in the independent environmental policies and laws to be addressed.
Energy law that guarantees the full energy supply is the short-term energy concerns reflect the effectiveness of one. The development of energy law to a considerable extent, no longer concerned about environmental issues. Today, energy law has become a vassal of public administration, with little regard to the principle of environmental law. Similarly, the ethics of energy by a simple way to concern, such as the right to use and equitable distribution of energy in social justice issues, environmental concerns are becoming irrelevant. This feature is a typical problem in the end is the government or companies should be equipped with better equipment to meet the growing energy needs.
1987 World Commission on Environment and Development Report and the 1992 Rio summit will be the status of the environment from economic development to enhance the external economy at the centre of development, this change also reveals the energy and the relationship of greenhouse gases. According to climate change, some forms of energy seems to be better than the other. There is a breakdown of ethical manner »» is not good in the form of (coal, oil and natural gas) and worthy aspirations in the form of (solar, wind), this method does not take into account of nuclear energy and hydropower. At the same time, energy conservation and efficient use of the importance of never caused any controversy.
In the era of sustainable development, energy for economic, social and environmental objectives plays an important role. This makes the ethical considerations more complex, the true sense, to the politicization of the. The same energy should meet the economic, social and environmental needs is a hierarchy? », For example, economic prosperity and environmental protection is a prerequisite for it, or turn all humanity (such as economic and social) environment based activities?»
World Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology Committee's report does not attempt to clarify these relations, but to provide a number of recommendations to help clarify these relationships. - Chairman of the Commission »» »hames» Kemin Si the guidance of Professor evaluation is an important starting point. When considering the ethics of energy research methods, we must not isolate them, but recognizing that all human activities are energy-related. This requires the establishment of a time and space in the relevant factors on the basis of a more broad approach. Taking into account in the decision-making for sustainable development need to widen the space (including a global scale) and time (including the future of mankind), energy ethics should not only consider the ecological justice but also social justice. Ethics as a concept of sustainable development proposed equal access to energy issues. More recently the major basic issues related to environmental security and human survival in a sustainable way of inequality. Now the world's ecosystems has become our home, not just the country we just live.
In this regard, the need for a new research methods on ethics to consider. Just simply be energy supply and environmental factors in the economic and social factors to consider is not enough. We look at the current energy supply problems in a summary table will understand why: (1) in the energy distribution, there is a significant degree of unfairness, the world's approximately 40 million people are unable to access or very limited use of electricity, (2 ) On the contrary, the richest countries per capita consumption of energy close to the poorest countries 25 times, which are the poorest countries is steadily increasing demand for energy, (3) is facing some pressing energy and depletion of scarce; ( 4) More than half of the greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use.
All these issues are incompatible with sustainable development, we discussed how to arrange our lives, especially if the rich people's lives this important basic issues are not resolved, all of these issues can be resolved. To solve these problems is the framework of sustainable development ethics.
Ethics of Scientific Knowledge and Technology Committee's report identified a number of principles and the principles of the new framework is an integral part. They are: First, sustainability and inter-generational equity. Energy should be sustainable and fair in order to meet the needs of contemporary without compromising future generations to meet their need for the foreseeable capacity. In this regard speaking, the ideal energy should be risk-free, non-polluting and sustainable access to the second, and environmental responsibility. Should take positive measures to reduce energy production and use of environmental impact. This involves reducing energy development, production, storage and distribution process of the negative impact on the environment. In the short term, should be particularly stressed: (1) to recognize the dangers of global warming, the establishment of an effective global institutions to limit emissions to the atmosphere of greenhouse gases (2) of nuclear waste storage issue (3 ) Beyond the control of non-sustainable use of biomass energy on the environment.
Although these principles and proposals to promote energy and sustainable development are closely related, but they still can not replace the ethics of sustainable development carried out by the more far-reaching study. The report itself has talked about since the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, "on human security, environmental quality and the future of humanity critical issue" almost did not make any progress, this is "disappointing and worrying" . Perhaps this neglect shown the most vivid sign of the increasing global environmental change. These criticisms reflect the current energy policy as the basis of the institutional weaknesses.
We can not be divorced from the ethics of sustainable energy development broad background, to study in isolation. If not the current non-sustainable development in the form of exposition to the development of sustainable energy in the form of any proposals are meaningless. The reason is that these economic operation and the way people define their needs and wants of the way.
Initially, the energy does not have value. It only meet the specific needs of a way. Perhaps these needs, including heating, refrigeration, lighting, transport and other goods and services. 。 There is no such need as water and food so important. When will these needs on the fairness and justice against the backdrop of attention, they may become very important.
For example, when the poorest countries, there are so many people lack food and water, the rich countries of energy-intensive refrigeration system and how cars can be considered to be just the «energy to have a decisive impact on the quality of life, so the energy Poor is a pressing issue of global justice. Dam and the water flow as a natural phenomenon of floods have devastating effects, why is that the justice of power generation dams? »And energy development on biological diversity with the indirect effects (mainly through climate change), the world's 45,000 large Pa directly to the loss of biodiversity have a direct and significant impact. This raised a non-human world and the justice issues.
And this makes a similar example of justice and energy-related issues become more complex. Every form of energy use, both nationally and at the international level of fairness and justice have posed a challenge.
Equitable distribution of the existence of four levels: (1) the distribution between countries, (2) in domestic distribution, (3) in the generation between the distribution (4) in human and environmental needs of their distribution between.
Speaking only of all human activities, including the broad framework of ethics can be raised so many issues of justice. Such a framework of sustainable development has been reflected in ethics.
Second, sustainable development Ethics
2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development of sustainable energy development as a key area. Access to energy of the importance of preserving human dignity in the "Johannesburg Declaration" has aroused attention and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation of further elucidation. 。 The plan details the eight access to energy services and resources, cleaner use of fossil fuels and the development of rules and regulations of the recommendations for improvement, but very little guidance to solve these problems dealt with the basic principles.
。 On the other hand, the whole implementation plan is built on the concept of sustainable development on. Therefore, the first five once again acknowledged the ethics of the importance of sustainable development, it is very important. This is the first time that countries in the implementation of sustainable development in the course of their willingness to carry out ethical obligations. Taking into account the sustainable development concept is basically an ethics this fact, this belated recognition of countries that can promise the previous failure. However, it still reflects the national sense of ethics has been further developed.
We must once again see the first five of the importance of the practice. This largely depends on the countries in the formulation basic ethical issues when in fact there is a sincere desire. However, any such desire to rely on existing international law and domestic law in a series of principles, it is very clear.
There are now related to sustainable development and sustainability of some of the basic principles of energy. They constitute a part of international environmental law. These relevant principles include: (1) prevention, (2) the polluter-pays principle, (3) common but differentiated responsibility principle, (4) the principle of public participation.
In addition to these common principles, there are still some form of international environmental law framework of the deep-seated concept.。 These concepts include: (1) common heritage of mankind (2) common concern of mankind, (3) sustainable development.
Although the concept of sustainable development to become a part of international law, but it is not just an integral part. On the one hand, the meaning of sustainable development can not reach agreement on hindered it from becoming the general principles of law. On the other hand, the concept of sustainable development of the scope, content and recognition than any existing legal principles much broader.
The concept of sustainable development can not be the existing basic principles of international law, the fundamental reason lies: it is the basis of legal principles and not just their appendage. Sustainable development laid the interpretation of the law, the use of legal and development of legal tone, a key standard in all countries and "create our common future in principle" an integral part.
This fundamental sense of the importance of that in accordance with or beyond the already mentioned principles to define the need for sustainable development.。 As the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation No. 5 indicates, it is now necessary to determine the basis of ethics for sustainable development.
Determine the most popular method of sustainable development is the essence of environmental protection and socio-economic development will be unified. This method has been in the integrity of the "Rio Declaration" in the first four to set out in the world and all countries and regions in the sustainable development strategy has been upgrading. We can find its environmental protection and socio-economic development of the link. But this is really the essence of sustainable development? «Number of countries and doctrine seems to think that all the existing should be able to achieve sustainable development policy unified. If真如these words, then we can only hope to domestic and foreign policy based on the unity of world peace. It is clear that such a policy in defining the purpose and content of identity, we need further guidance.
This does not help to equal treatment of social, economic and environmental three policies. As important as the vision of (usually expressed as "three pillars" or "triangle baseline") is perhaps the sake of political convenience, but it is neither for nor supported by the international law on sustainable development for the ethics controversy reflected. Need to give priority to resolve the key question is: these three policy areas the differences between what should be resolved on the basis of «
(A) in the international documents on the ecology awareness of sustainable development
Ethics from the point of view, the view has never been a social, economic and environmental issues are equally important at the position. On the contrary, the dispute revolves around this question: on the ecology of sustainable development should guide humanity (such as social and economic) development should be in or on the ecology of sustainable development and human development to strike a balance between. Therefore, the challenge is to define what makes a positive development is "sustainable" rather than "not sustainable."
In international law level, the first time in this issue by the World Conservation Union, the United Nations Environmental Protection Department and the World Wildlife Fund drafted by the World Conservation Strategy (1980) to address In the document, the ecology of sustainable development was defined as a prerequisite for development. Two years later, "the United Nations Charter for Nature," provides for the principle of "With the principles to guide human behaviour and judgement of the environmental impact." Although the explicit reference to the Charter of sustainable development, it believed that conservation is all forms of resource utilization and development of pre-conditions. It is clear that the charter will be defined as human beings as part of the natural world, and that: "Any form of life is unique and are worthy of respect, regardless of the availability of human values." 1991's "treat the earth: sustainable survival strategies" that the world conservation strategy, and further define the definition of sustainable development. It was defined as the essence of the earth's ecosystem within the framework of the load increase the quality of human life. It has two principles: First, mutual respect and concern for the ethical basis of the new obligations and second, protection and development of the organic unity.
All these documents are on the whole to enhance the sustainability of the ecology as a prerequisite for development and respect for the Earth (or life) of ecological ethics center.
By comparison, the World Commission on Environment and Development of the famous definition is not straightforward, it is merely referred to "without prejudice to future generations to meet their needs under the premise of the ability to meet the development needs of contemporary people." World Commission on Environment and Development followed on the definition of an explanation: "It contains two key concepts: First, 'need', especially the world's poorest people the basic needs of the concept, this is the most priority should be given to the development of another Is a 'restricted', that is, the environmental capacity of countries to impose restrictions on technology and social organizations to meet current and future needs of the concept. "These two key concepts into every generation and the generation of internal justice between the principles of justice. However, we should note that as a reference in the hidden behind the needs of these principles impose restrictions on technology and social organization of environmental capacity. In essence, this included in the planet's ecosystems to bear at least within the meaning of self-restriction.
The existence of international documents in the context of the time, the 1992 "Rio Declaration on Environment and Development," a major step backwards. It views on the sustainable development of the environmental value to the simplified method. The principle of such a statement is: "a universal human concern in the centre of sustainable development", the next 26 to express the principles of environmental protection in a very materialistic point of view. Since the "Rio Declaration", the public's awareness of sustainable development »» »is not necessary content» »» strengthen such a concept: the need to maintain the human needs of particular agricultural use and industrial production. This will not be able to simplify the value of the environment and the traditional tools of value to distinguish. 。 Moreover, it can not and sustainable development of the vast literature and ethics of these documents in the "Rio Declaration" before the international documents reflected in the line.
"Rio Declaration," the critical summit in Rio has been very apparent.。 As the "Rio Declaration," a direct response, the NGO consultations will discuss the global development of the "Earth Charter", abandon the "Rio Declaration" of human-centered concept, ecology, as the sustainability of development The center.
1995 World Conservation Union Environment and Development proposed a draft convention "to other areas such as the Law of the Sea of international law and international human rights law comparable to the protection of the integrity of the regulatory framework." Such provisions in the draft convention outside legal norms set out on the ecology and ethics guidance. Section 2-10 of the provisions of the nine basic principles of the environmental obligations and to the achievement of sustainable development (1) goal-based decision-making guidance.Article 2 of the ethics of the Ecology Center was considered "a direct restriction on the economy of the purposes of providing legal protection and neglect of different species in the ecosystem and even their role in the future and potential uses of the utilitarian approach of the reaction."
2000 "Earth Charter" in both origin and content are closely related to the draft Convention. However, the "Earth Charter" for two reasons require special knowledge. First, there is no international document in such a comprehensive and all-encompassing way there. It is up to 10 years in the worldwide multi-cultural, multi-sectoral consultation results, reflects the "global civil society there." Secondly, it clearly put forward the "building a fair, sustainable and peaceful global community the basic Declaration."Earth Charter" process and content into the current understanding of the ethics of sustainable development the most appropriate documents.
(B) as a framework to define the "Earth Charter"
As the draft convention, the "Earth Charter" is not defined sustainable development, but the assumption that the World Commission on Environment and Development arrival. However, the "Earth Charter" The goal is to guide a more detailed exposition of the ethical principles.
The key is the first one (respect for the Earth and all life forms), which provides the definition of the respect for life: "Recognizing that all life is interdependent, and every kind of life forms, no matter how the value of its human, have Its own value. "Respect for all human life and the principle of utilitarianism centre of the sustainable development of ethical opposite. At the centre of development is known as the "community of life" on the sustainability of the ecology.
World Commission on Environment and Development contained in the definition of the two widely accepted concept of sustainable development from the fundamental role of the ethics of factors: (1) concerned about the poor (every generation the internal justice or equality), (2) concerned about the future (Between the inter-generational justice or equality).
However, these two factors gave us "out of touch." They respect the earth's ecosystem is what it means «If we between our generation and future generations to come between an average of environmental goods and burden-sharing, we must leave what» the entire Earth's ecosystem integrity, such as natural reserves, It is the knowledge of our control, such as capital reserve »
Since we can not ascertain the needs of future generations, and therefore a reasonable choice should be the integrity of the ecosystem to pass on. Uncertainty we need to caution, there is no than we like to assume that future generations will be the same as we have found rich ecosystems of the Earth a better choice.
However, this obligation is obvious neither in the world Commission on Environment and Development in the proposal, the Government has not been affirmed. The major industrialized ethics for social ethics, ethics will be incorporated into the main course of the importance of ethics has been greatly neglected. Instead of the view that the standardization of social, economic and environment are equally important. The results, sustainable development is considered in the social, economic and environmental objectives of a balance between the acts, and this is an exchange between relations. There is no support both ecological sustainable development and to support the needs of future generations of guiding opinions. Without such guidance, policy likely to become more complete, but they can not with the existing production and unsustainable consumption patterns to distinguish.
As usual method of handling the problem usually is considered "vulnerable sustainability." If the future with the obligations linked to the sustainability of the policy will be vulnerable to consider it a sovereign decision of what kind of property or we hope that what the legacy left to future generations. It may be a "natural reserve of", but it may also be established on the basis of science and technology such as through excessive use of fossil fuels climate change or a change of natural reserves.
Protecting the Earth's ecosystem is the only choice of methods, can also become a matter of fact most people yearn for the goal. However, only if we give the goal on the importance of ethics, we will develop a sustainable development policy as a guide. Only then, will become vulnerable powerful, the World Commission on Environment and Development in the definition of the chain will lose their re-found. Therefore, the need for the first two of the factors referred to add a third factor: the Earth's ecosystem of concern (species between justice or fairness).
"Earth Charter" in principle I (1-4) (respect for the Earth and its community of life) and the principle II (5-8) (ecological integrity) to reflect this factor. They expounded the States so far missing in the document on sustainable development of environmental ethics.
Such as the "Earth Charter" principle I have said, the essence of ethics for sustainable development is to ensure that the community of life in sustainable development at the centre of attention, rather than the "Rio Declaration" will be referred to as the central concern of mankind.
From a legal point of view, the "Earth Charter" on sustainable development in the three ethical principles seem to reflect certain aspects of eco-justice and ecological justice from every generation of internal justice, inter-generational justice, as well as between the species Between the three elements which constitute justice. While the first two elements have to a considerable extent by the international and domestic jurisdiction of judicial power, but "between the species of justice," the concept is relatively uncommon. On the "outside world of human justice" and "species of justice among" the ethical controversy still unable to rise to the level of legal arguments.Fundamentally speaking, we must ask whether the world outside of mankind is a part of general jurisdiction, or is destined to be excluded »
Obviously, we touch on this question how the justice and equity that the core of the problem. Western legal tradition has always adhere to the human center of the universe for the position. 。 Rawls, the justice on the most authoritative theoretician, very clear to the world outside of mankind in general exclusion from the jurisdiction of the judiciary: "the status and the nature and the nature of our association is not the appropriate justice of the important Factors or their basic problems. "Despite the sense, Rawls also admitted that" responsibility "issues, but he will its defined as" based on compassion and humanity of responsibility "and not based on justice responsibilities. He believes that any deliberate moral cover from the world outside of the human beliefs are "not constitute an integral part of the theory of justice." 。 Rolls where the "original position" determined he could not envisage a moral.
Contemporary (West) on the theory of justice because of all the legal arguments and avoid moral suffer. That is why a legal theory has not explored the causes of ecological justice. However, the ethics of sustainable development requires not only awareness of the environment has its own value. Only people do that, with regard to justice and legal thinking only because of ecological ethics and become active again. International and domestic law whether the ecological ethic there has been progress or a pending further examination.
Theory of international law may now is at a crossroads. Either it assumed that each is an international agreement to limit the sovereignty of countries, thus strengthening the country as the center of international law model. Or that international law by the state and civil society posed by global and carefully to comply with the Community-based model of international law »« people will forward to the new world order in the process of observation to this more open manner, as will a new order Human cooperation and strengthen the fundamental role of the non-state actors status.。 However, this process is the basis for the realization of globalization. In an integrated world, values and ethics no longer a domestic affair.
Therefore, the global universal ethical principles to seriously explore the very desirable. And despite worked out a set of universal values and principles will be some difficulties, but we can not pass the buck to the work of all state and government, often because of State and Government will strengthen its national model rule. Formation of global civil society is perfectly capable of understanding the universal ethical principles.
"Earth Charter" expressly provides for the sustainable development strategy and the relevant principles of values.
For two reasons require special knowledge. 。 First, there is no international document in such a comprehensive and all-encompassing way there. It is up to 10 years in the worldwide multi-cultural, multi-sectoral consultation results, reflects the "global civil society there." Secondly, it clearly put forward the "building a fair, sustainable and peaceful global community the basic Declaration."
"Earth Charter" process and content into the current understanding of the ethics of sustainable development the most appropriate documents.
(B) as a framework to define the "Earth Charter"
As the draft convention, the "Earth Charter" is not defined sustainable development, but the assumption that the World Commission on Environment and Development arrival. However, the "Earth Charter" The goal is to guide a more detailed exposition of the ethical principles.
The key is the first one (respect for the Earth and all life forms), which provides the definition of the respect for life: "Recognizing that all life is interdependent, and every kind of life forms, no matter how the value of its human, have Its own value. "Respect for all human life and the principle of utilitarianism centre of the sustainable development of ethical opposite. At the centre of development is known as the "community of life" on the sustainability of the ecology.
World Commission on Environment and Development contained in the definition of the two widely accepted concept of sustainable development from the fundamental role of the ethics of factors: (1) concerned about the poor (every generation the internal justice or equality), (2) concerned about the future (Between the inter-generational justice or equality).
However, these two factors gave us "out of touch." ? They respect the earth's ecosystem is what it means «If we between our generation and future generations to come between an average of environmental goods and burden-sharing, we must leave what» the entire Earth's ecosystem integrity, such as natural reserves, It is the knowledge of our control, such as capital reserve »
Since we can not ascertain the needs of future generations, and therefore a reasonable choice should be the integrity of the ecosystem to pass on. Uncertainty we need to caution, there is no than we like to assume that future generations will be the same as we have found rich ecosystems of the Earth a better choice.
However, this obligation is obvious neither in the world Commission on Environment and Development in the proposal, the Government has not been affirmed. The major industrialized ethics for social ethics, ethics will be incorporated into the main course of the importance of ethics has been greatly neglected. Instead of the view that the standardization of social, economic and environment are equally important. The results, sustainable development is considered in the social, economic and environmental objectives of a balance between the acts, and this is an exchange between relations.。 There is no support both ecological sustainable development and to support the needs of future generations of guiding opinions.。 Without such guidance, policy likely to become more complete, but they can not with the existing production and unsustainable consumption patterns to distinguish.
As usual method of handling the problem usually is considered "vulnerable sustainability." If the future with the obligations linked to the sustainability of the policy will be vulnerable to consider it a sovereign decision of what kind of property or we hope that what the legacy left to future generations. It may be a "natural reserve of", but it may also be established on the basis of science and technology such as through excessive use of fossil fuels climate change or a change of natural reserves.
Protecting the Earth's ecosystem is the only choice of methods, can also become a matter of fact most people yearn for the goal. However, only if we give the goal on the importance of ethics, we will develop a sustainable development policy as a guide. Only then, will become vulnerable powerful, the World Commission on Environment and Development in the definition of the chain will lose their re-found. Therefore, the need for the first two of the factors referred to add a third factor: the Earth's ecosystem of concern (species between justice or fairness).
"Earth Charter" in principle I (1-4) (respect for the Earth and its community of life) and the principle II (5-8) (ecological integrity) to reflect this factor. They expounded the States so far missing in the document on sustainable development of environmental ethics.
Such as the "Earth Charter" principle I have said, the essence of ethics for sustainable development is to ensure that the community of life in sustainable development at the centre of attention, rather than the "Rio Declaration" will be referred to as the central concern of mankind.
From a legal point of view, the "Earth Charter" on sustainable development in the three ethical principles seem to reflect certain aspects of eco-justice and ecological justice from every generation of internal justice, inter-generational justice, as well as between the species Between the three elements which constitute justice. While the first two elements have to a considerable extent by the international and domestic jurisdiction of judicial power, but "between the species of justice," the concept is relatively uncommon. On the "outside world of human justice" and "species of justice among" the ethical controversy still unable to rise to the level of legal arguments. Fundamentally speaking, we must ask whether the world outside of mankind is a part of general jurisdiction, or is destined to be excluded »
Obviously, we touch on this question how the justice and equity that the core of the problem. Western legal tradition has always adhere to the human center of the universe for the position. Rawls, the justice on the most authoritative theoretician, very clear to the world outside of mankind in general exclusion from the jurisdiction of the judiciary: "the status and the nature and the nature of our association is not the appropriate justice of the important Factors or their basic problems. "Despite the sense, Rawls also admitted that" responsibility "issues, but he will its defined as" based on compassion and humanity of responsibility "and not based on justice responsibilities. He believes that any deliberate moral cover from the world outside of the human beliefs are "not constitute an integral part of the theory of justice."。 Rolls where the "original position" determined he could not envisage a moral.
Contemporary (West) on the theory of justice because of all the legal arguments and avoid moral suffer.。 That is why a legal theory has not explored the causes of ecological justice. However, the ethics of sustainable development requires not only awareness of the environment has its own value. Only people do that, with regard to justice and legal thinking only because of ecological ethics and become active again. International and domestic law whether the ecological ethic there has been progress or a pending further examination.
Theory of international law may now is at a crossroads. 。 Either it assumed that each is an international agreement to limit the sovereignty of countries, thus strengthening the country as the center of international law model. Or that international law by the state and civil society posed by global and carefully to comply with the Community-based model of international law »» »people will forward to the new world order in the process of observation to this more open approach, the new order will As a human cooperation and strengthen the fundamental duties of the position of non-state actors. However, this process is the basis for the realization of globalization. In an integrated world, values and ethics no longer a domestic affair.
Therefore, the global universal ethical principles to seriously explore the very desirable. And despite worked out a set of universal values and principles will be some difficulties, but we can not pass the buck to the work of all state and government, often because of State and Government will strengthen its national model rule. Formation of global civil society is perfectly capable of understanding the universal ethical principles.
"Earth Charter" expressly provides for the sustainable development strategy and the relevant principles of values.